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Additionally, Iraq's conflict with the neighbouring Imperial State of Iran due to bilateral border disputes over the Shatt al-Arab waterway served as a major external threat to the country's stability due to Iran's backing of Kurdish rebels in northern Iraq.Īfter dismissing al-Bakr in 1979, Saddam officially succeeded him as the fifth President of Iraq, as Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council, and as Prime Minister and General Secretary of the Regional Command of the Ba'ath Party. However, several internal factors were threatening the country's stability, among them being the government's conflict with various factions of the Iraqi Shia Muslim community as well as with the Iraqi Kurdish community in the north (see Shia–Sunni sectarian violence in Iraq and the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict). During al-Bakr's de jure rule, the country's economy grew, and Iraq's standing within the Arab world increased. Saddam, through his post as chief of the party's intelligence services, became the country's de facto leader by the mid-1970s. Iraqi President Abdul Rahman Arif and Iraqi Prime Minister Tahir Yahya were ousted during the 17 July coup d'état led by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr of the Ba'ath Party, which had previously held power in 1963 and was led primarily by al-Bakr-who served as its leader-and Saddam Hussein. The average annual income decreased both because of external factors such as the heavy sanctions placed on Iraq by Western countries and the internal policies of the Iraqi government.

This period began with high economic growth and soaring prosperity, but ended with Iraq facing social, political, and economic stagnation.

Ba'athist Iraq, formally the Iraqi Republic until 6 January 1992 and the Republic of Iraq thereafter, covers the national history of Iraq between 19 under the rule of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.